
Class Z. 

Book. £> 

Copyright^?- 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



Sfhe Sasy Shorthand 



or 



Benedict System of 

Phonography 

by 
Rev. ©eorge Benedict, 

Principal of the Benedict Institute of 
Stenography, 

BOSTON, - - MASS., 
14 BEACON STREET. 



Ralph C. Ben^diot, Printer, 

NORTH ABINGTON, MASS. 

1901 . 



THE LIBRARY ©F 

CONGRESS, 
Two Copies Receive© 

MAY. 5 1902 

Copyright entry 

CLASS ** XXa N©. 

COPY P> 



Copyrighted 1901 by George Benedict, 



•- • "•* 



PREFACE. 

A preface is the author's reason for his book. 

This little book is the result of the study and teach- 
ing of shorthand extending over a period of thirty 
years. 

The object of its publication is to present a simpler, 
easier and more truly phonetic ^system of shorthand 
than has yet been devised. 

Phonography means sound-writing. The word 
comes from two Greek words, phonos sound, and 
graphos writing. 

Phonography, therefore has to do only with spoken 
language. The phonographer must not think how the 
words are spelled, but how they sound, and put upon 
paper only the representation of their sounds. 
. The phonos or sound of speech is preeminently the 
vowel. 

A true phongraphy must therefore be based upon the 
vowel. The ignoring of this simple fact is what has 
made shorthand so difficult; its discovery and applica- 
tion is what makes this system so easy. 

Without further definition or explanation the stud- 
ent is invited to practical work. 



LESSON I.— VOWELS. 
I. ' a, as in ate, at, all, ah. 
2- e, 



me, met. 
my, it- 
\ o, " " no. on. 

mule, up, new, boot, foot 
\ oi. " " oil, boy 
7 \ * . ow " " cow, out. 

DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY 
I Tin's system of shorthand is phonetic — written by sound 
rather than by spelling. Omit silent letters. 
ILL- giv, give,- kum. come; tat, taught, thru, through. 
2- Write slowly and carefully. 
3 Use a fine pen or a sharp pencil. 

4. Make the vowels three sixteenths of an Inch long. 

5. A e, o, u, are preferably written forward; i, downward. 

6. Practice naming each vowel by each of its sounds. If nec- 
essary to distinguish these, as a from a, this can be done by 
means of the same diacritical marks that are used in longhand. 
Practically, however, this is never necessary, as they are never 
used alone, and the sound may be, known from the context. 

7. Words which are formed alike are distinguished from each 
other exactly as in longhand, by the context ILL. can, ability 
and can, a receptacle. 

EXERCISE I. 

/ a / ah / awe eh I 

I eye \ O \ oh \ owe l you 

NONSENSE SENTENCE. 
Ah, I owe you, eh ! / I \ 1 

8. Be .sure to write a upward. To go backward is a 
waste of time, and. to have to reverse the motion be- 
fore beginning the next word is a further waste. 



9. Write a and o at a slant of 45 degrees, i. e : half 
way between the horizontal and the vertical. The 
tendency is to make them too nearly vertical. 

10. For the diacritical marks referred to in Section 6 
see the bottom of any page in Webster's Dictionary. 
This, however, is a matter with which beginners need 
not burden themselves and which practioners may never 
need to use. The matter is presented to show the abil- 
ity which this system offers of making an exact indica- 
tion of every shade of sound of the English or of any 
other language, or if required, the exact uneuphonic 
spelling. The author knows of no other system of 
shorthand in which this is possible. 

RECITATION I. 

1. Write a line of each of the vowels and diphthongs. 

2. Write the "Nonsense Sentence." 

3. Write in phonetic English the directions for pre- 

paring the Recitation. See next page. 
For c soft use 5, 

c and ch hard " k y 

g soft ' ' y, 

vowel y " i, 

oo " u, 

ow " on. 

(No account is made of the difference between th and 
dh or of that between sh and sh.) For illustration, the 
phonetic rendering of Section 6 on the preceding page 
is appended: — Praktis naming ech voul bi ech ov its 
soundz. If nesesari tu distingwish thez, az a from a , 
this kan be dun bi mens ov the sam deakritikl marks 
that ar uzd in longhand. Praktikali, houever, this iz 
nevr nesesari. az tha ar nevr uzd alon, and the sound 
ma be non from the kontext. 



HOW TO PREPARE THE RECITATIONS. 

1. Use ordinary ruled paper or note books, and pencil. 

2. Write on one side of the paper. 

3. Write on every other line. 

4. Correspondence pupils should put their name and 

address on every sheet. 

5. Read the lesson over until it is understood. Do 

not try to memorize it. We learn to do by doing, 
not by abstract study. 

6. Copy the shorthand characters in the lesson slowly 

and accurately, five times, pronouncing the Eng_ 
lish of each form while writing it. 

7. Write the Recitation at the end of each lesson 

once, referring to the book when necessary. 

8. Correct this by the book and copy it. 

9. Have the work corrected by the instructor. 

10. After the corrected work is returned write the re- 

citation over and over, referring to the book when 
necessary, until able to write correctly without 
reference to the book. 

11. Make a final copy, independently of the book, for 

a review recitation. 

12. After this is corrected read it over and over, for- 

ward and backward, till able to read it as readily 
as longhand. 

13. Corrections are made upon the omitted line and 

are frequently indicated by a Roman and Arabic 
numeral referring to the lesson and section of 
the violated principle. 



LESSON II -INITIAL H, R, L. 

1. The terms Initial and Final refer to position in the sylla- 
ble, not in the word. 

2. INITIAL means preceding a vowel, expressed or under- 
stood, in the same syllable- 

3. Shading a vowel prefixes h. 

/ ha — he I hi \ ho ^ hu \ hoi \^.how 

4. Doubling the length of a vowel prefixes r 

/ ra re n \ ro . 



ru \ roi x_^r 



5 Trebling the length of a vowel prefixes / 

/ la le I li \ lo -i-lu \ loi \j_low 

6. The following is a comparative view of what 
has been learned. 



'A 



=T II 




^ 



a ha ra la e he re le i hi ri li o ho ro lo u hu ru lu 



hoi ^ roiV loi\ 



>u\_Jic 



7. Notice that the second vowel in the diphthongs 
oi aid ou is never shaded or lengthened. 

8. Beginners should be careful in regard to the 
shading, but so little of this is used in this system 
that advanced students may discard it. 

9. Great care should be used in regard to lengths. 
One sixth, two sixths and three sixths of an inch may 
be used instead of the standard given in I. 4. if the 

tudent prefers. 



/hay 

lay 

high 

lye 

\ low 

z. rue 

Vholy 



EXERCISE II 

/ha ' x ra y 

law / la 

I hie I rye 

\ ho \ hoe 

mm i m Jiew _^hue 

L loo \ Roy 

lowly ^.^ hero 



he 
wry 



rah 



lie 



Y*. \ 




\j:how \j_row 
Raleigu 



Recitation Sentences II. 

Hoe a row. 

A holy law. 

A lowly hue. 

Oh how low ! 

Ah how high ! 

Lie low, you hero. 

I allow a low alloy. 

O Roy, I rue a row ! 

You owe Raleigh a roe. 

Hello Hugh, how you hie ! 



11. Write also the Comparative View. Page 5, Section 6. 



LESSON III -S and W BRIEFS and STEMS, 
©/sa o_se Tsi ^ so *-L su \soi \_l sow 

c/wa Q_we i vvi \wo CLwu \woi \J wow 

/as __oes Lis \>os -^»us \ois V*> ows 

iv rs not used finally. ) j-stem. / w-stern. 

1. CONSONANT BRIEFS are small characters usually written 
upon vowels or stems. They are arranged in pairs; the first 
of each pair should be made as small as legibility will allow, 
the second should be made as large again as the first. 

2. Briefs are used both initially and finally, but when used 
finally the vowel must always be expressed. 

3. Thej-brief is a very small circle written on the upper side 
of a, e, o, u and on the right side of i. z is like s. 

4. The ze^-brief is a small circle twice the size of s. 

5. The .y-stem is a vertical curve, opening to the left. 

6. The w/-stem is the same, but twice as long as the s. 

7. The stems are presented in each lesson in or- 
der that they may be compared with the briefs. The 
student is asked to observe them, but not to memorize 
or practice them, as they are not used until Lesson V. 

8. IV is not used finally because aw is one of the 
sounds of a; ew is one of the sounds of u, and ow is 
represented by ou. 

9. Observe carefully the distinction in size between 
s and w. S is as small as legibility will allow: W is 
twice the size of s, 

10. In the following exercise the shorthand charac- 
ters for sly, so, shoe, slew, woo, us and house are poorly 
printed, as well as the syllables us and ous above. 





EXERCIJ 


5E III. 




©/say 


e/shay 


</slay 


o_see 


c*»*she 


f sigh 


f shy 

\slow 


1 sly 


*\ so 


\show 


o_l sue 


2^1, shoe 


a - slew 


\^ sow 


x^i. slough 


(/ way 


O^whey 


Q__ we 


T Wye 


i why 


\ woe 


X whoa 


G-iwoo 


/as 


/nas 


__* ease 


. , . e> lease 
b rise 


b is 
b lies 


I his 


beyes 


No loSS 


-U»US 


\^> house 



Recitation Sentences III. 

i. Show us a loss. 

2. Is his way easy? 

3. How we saw ice ! 

4. I say she owes us. 

5. Why is he so slow? 

6. Is- she a lowly lass? 

7. See who has his shay. 

8. He wooes as his house rises. 

9. She says she leases his roses. 

10. Whose sly eyes saw his shoe? 

11. He sues us ; his loss is a sleigh. 

12. "O woe!" I sigh, "his whey slays us." 

As soon as tne stuueut nas nicLSierea tne piimary form 
he may use word signs for the following words (See 
lists at end of book). — so we why as, has 

is, his. 



LESSON IV _T and D. 



n/ta v— te 


f ti "\to 


u-^tu 


NtoiV..; 


/ at — v> et 


J it \ ot 


-L-y Ut 


X oit 'v.-o owt 
°\ doi \JLdow 


f\/da\j— de 


P di ^\do 


Lr" du 


/ad — -ued 


d id Yod 
/ 


2l ,ud 
U 


N. oid ^-A- ,owd 


V /-stem. 


\ Astern. 


C t-t. 


l rf-r. 



1. Shading a stem adds r preceded by a vowel. 

2. The / brief is a very small semicircle. 

3. The d brief is a small semicircle, twice the size of the t 

4. Before a semicircles preferably open downward. 

e '' upward. 

i ; ' to the left. 

" o " " " " "' right. 

(1 ) These rules always apply to a semicircle beginning 
a word. (2) A semicircle at the end of a word 
must be opened in the direction most easily 
written, and from which the motion of the 
hand is most readily transferred to the begin- 
ning of the next word. ^3) A semicircle in 
the midst of a word must not be written so as 
to form a hook with the vowel preceding or 
following it, but at an angle with both. 

5. The i stem is a vertical curve opening to the right. 

6. The d stem is the same, but twice as long as the t. 

7. In the following exercise these pairs of wordi 
should have been printed exactly alike, die and dye, 
aid and add, odd and owed. 

There are only two sizes of semicircles, t very small, 
and d twice the size of t. 



10 



8. 5, ze/, t, d are written within and around each other, 
and within and around the other briefs. 



v— lto ° 
I (it) 

^^dough 
— uEd 



EXER 


CISE IV. 




i — tea 


? tie 


°\toe 


Ntoy 
\ oat 


/ate 


— \s eat 


-A/Ute 


V-^out 


J — Dee 


fdic 


1 dye 


Ly(do) 


/aid 


/^add 


c! ide 


■Y odd 


O owed 



Recitation Sentences IV. 

i. To day he dies. 

2. They do that duty* 

3. Write it right this day. 

4. Does he eat that dough? 

5. Try this way to do those. 

6. Did you dread the daylight? 

7. Say it aloud that she is dead. 

8. Let the light show his deeds. 

9. I doubt his use to us this day. 

10. Aid us at this tete a tete, I say. 

11. Add these odds to his test. 

12. Toss those oats outside the house. 



9, Word signs — they day it there this did to 
do those at, that out. 



11 



LESSON V. -FINAL, or STEM H, R, L. 

1. FINAL means following a vowel, expressed or understood 
in the same syllable. 

[ tli or dh, Jrshirzh, ^—^ r, „ 1. 

2. The method of writing//?, bh. ch is explained later. 

3- It will be seen that k is the little straight mark or 

"tick", and that it is written on the t and s stems. 



Tyath Jetli I it li \oth Xuth \ oith \_i, < 
/>ash y esh I ish Vosh S tish X oish V_jl owsl; 
/C ar __• 



4 




^-.al 



4. y^, usually written upward, is before r and / more 
easily written downward. 

5. Consonant stems are short, curved lines. They are 
arranged in pairs, the first of each pair being written the 
same length as vowels, the second twice the length of the 
first. 

6. It will be observed that stems are arcs, of which vow- 
els are chords. A Comparative View, showing from which 
quadrant of the circle each is taken, is given later. 

7. Un shaded stems are always final. They are always 
used when the preceding vowel is so indistinct that it is 
not expressed. 

8. Briefs are written on only the concave side of stems. 

9. Semicircles immediately preceding or following a 
stem must turn in the same way as the stem. 



EXERCISE V. 



/(hath A> wrath ^^^lati: 

^Cheir ^hair /^C rare 

-—here L-^hire V-^ lower 

- — hed_^— ^real V— < -^whole 




8. Word signs (Not to be used till the primary forms are 
mastered) — are, or our all, will. 



Recitation Sentences V. 

i. Who are you? 

2. I will lie low. 

3. Will he row all. 

4. Are you all here? 

5. Our oil will rush. 

6. I will hire her hoe. 

7. Will he hew a high heel? 

8. Are you higher or lower? 

9. How will you hire a hall? 

10. Her hair hath a rare hue. 

11. Will Roy la}* our owl here? 

12. Hush, or I will lath you a whole hour. 



fv/tray 

gv^stay 

<s slat 

O^wait 

«^ heat 

— L/head 

v— udeed 

^/ — -wstesd 

J hight 

f sty 

I try 

s 

V trod 
1/ shod 
6»~ stew 
"Z tooth 



vESSON VI. REVIEW. 

■— v heat 
6>/ straight 
/• taught 
O' wastes 
e ^-v seat 
-a*-v sheet ffi 
°— w said 



'd ray 
€v stray 
/ lass 
O/was 
or-— & streets 

—15 heeds 

er-u steed 

ar—^"^ steer 

1 write 

t— -w, stilts 

d dried 

\ stow 

\, sought 

<tj — - strew 

•»— LJ stood 



^— u wed 
i light 
i wight 



strides 
slot 
^e tossed 
es-' A "V , 5trewed 
2 oysters 



/ rat 
©/"sat 
<v tastes 
©'"waits 

v-e tease 

- — -^ sleds 

*-u shed 

Q—u, sweet 

1 slight 

¥ • 

*> twice 

4 lists 

> thoughts 

>s> toasts 



strews 
\-^ shrouds 



14 



Recitation Sentences VT. 

t 

1. Stay at least till the light. 

2. The sweet lass was wed twice. 

3. Steer east or west as it is easiest. 

4. That straight laced lad is all astray. 

5. Oyster shell stews already shroud us. 

6. That's the store that treats you straight., 

7. The worst waste has held its sway there. 

8. The stately steward stole a slice to toast. 
6. I stood his thrusts till the woods whirled. 

10. The latest styles sit slyly o'er their heads. 

11. He strews the streets with his has y thoughts. 

12. Your heads are high; your shoes arc slightly lower* 



WORD SIGNS, 

Reference has been made to Word Signs. Many sys- 
tems of shorthand number these by the hundred and 
thousand — one system having no less than eight thou- 
sand, and a large proportion of these are arbitrary, 
that is, based on no fixed rule or principle. 

The author of this system has observed that more 
time is lost in trying to recall these signs than is 
gained by using them, and has therefore limited its 
word signs to between one and two hundred of the 
commonest words in the language, and of these less 
than twenty-five are arbitary. The vowel basis of the 
system enables the use of Abbreviations instead of 
Word Signs, and these abbreviations are simply the or- 
dinarv long hand abbreviations written in shorthand. 



}5 



LESSON VII.— P and B. 

I poi\— 1 pow 



</ pa *__pe 


f pi \po 


c^ pu 


/ ap — ? ep 


L ip \iOp 


__*up 


</ ba C_ be 


1 bi \ bo 


CLbu 


J ab -3 eb 


ib \>ob 


1~ 2ub 


^/ ^-stem. - 


—^^.-stem. 


>*r 



V 

^boi^ 



oip N — d owp 

bow 
oib\l_Dowb 



I The /> 'brief is a very small hook made on the upper side 
of a, e o, u, and on the right side of i. 

2. The b brief is a small hook, twice the size of p. 

3. Hooks will not be confused with semicircles, because 
semicircles are written at an angle with the vowel- (\ r\ 

4. The p stem is an oblique curve opening upward to the 

5. The b stem is the same, but twice as long as the/. 

6. The student should write the semicircles and hooks 
on each vowel side by side and notice carefully the differ- 
ence. A Comparative View is given later, to which it will 
be well to refer at this point. 

7. Hooks, unlike semicircles, cannot be written inde- 
pendently of vowels. Hence there are no word signs de- 
rived from/> and b briefs. Those derived from the p and 
b stems are up object per, pair member, remember. 

8. As this is the first time, since the principle was given, 
that attention has been called to the shading of stems, the 
student is asked to notice that r written in this way is al- 
ways final, that is, preceded by a vowel, but by a vowel 
which is indeterminate, because indicated by the vocal or- 
gans rather than enunciated by them. 



1 6 



9 

io 
ii 

12 





EXE 


RCXSE VII. 




c/pay 


«- — pea 


I pie 


c_l pew 


(/bay 


£—£ beast 


« by 


\ beau 


/ape 


^=^heap 


[ P»P« 


^> hope 


/Abe 


— >ebb 


\jsob 


J-5 tub 


&/ space 


e — u speed 


» spies 


No s'pose 


c/past 




n^, posts 


^ boasts 


\ boys^ 




^-O soused 


^^-O rousec 



Recitation Sentences VII. 

Pray pay your debts with paper. 
Abe soused his brother with suds. 
Why do you waste all that space? 
The beast was roused by the blast 
Let us play horse with these sleds. 
The spies are here with pea shooters. 
Oh, but with what speed you do ride ! 
Suppose you heap the posts by the style. 
"His last hope is lost," she said with a sob. 
At ebb tide place the peace-pipe by his side. 
Who taught you to row a boat or sail a ship? 
Those boys are too boisterous to be rewarded with 
pie. 



17 



LESSON VIII. -F and V. 

• fu \ foi *^ fow 



i/fa cfe 


f fi \fo 


/ af _^ef 


I if \,of 


c/ va C«» ve 


1 vi \ vo 


7 av — 3ev 


Liv \jov 


V /-stem. 


V, #-stem. 



\ oil \^ owf 

S^ voi < <_j. vow 

I 



»j3 iiv \ oiv \i 
k.f-r ^-.t/-r. 



.1. Initial / and # briefs are./* and £ briefs on shaded vow- 
els. This forms ph. and M, which are the same as /and v, 

2. Fina] /and v briefs are the same as p and b. The con- 
text extinguishes them. 

3. The beginner may feel that forming final /"and v -ex- 
actly like final p and b will lead to confusion in reading, 
but this is not so. F is simply an aspirated />, and v is 
simply an aspirated b. Many foreigners and negroes omit 
the aspiration, as in saying ob for of, and yet we have no 
difficulty in understanding them. In a former edition the 
expedient of lengthening the hook to indicate final / and 
v was adopted, but practical experience in teaching and 
reporting showed it to be superfmous^and it was discarded. 



\ foe 

\ooft 





EXERCISE 


VIII. 


c/fay 


c__ fee 




f fie 


cJ. few 


/aft 




L if 


Jl^ — -«%vail 
V via 


G^very 

C^\ valid 
j 




5^ ever 
^over 


\ fous 


;ht C %S>SOft 


J"^ 


> tuft 



every 
hover 
% fold 



18 



Recitation Sentences VIII. 

i. Will this be valid for both of us. 

2. The foe is hid by that tuft of hay. 

3. I fold the fee twice to put it away. 

4. Few have fought for liberty this day. 

5. How soft are the feathers of that bird ! 

6. The rope is too short to tie the pole fast. 

7. He strewed flowers at the foot of the aisle. 

8. His stilts slipped, so he fell over her beau. 

9.' If you fold the veil that way you will spoil r . 

10. The wave was so high we lost sight of the float. 

11. Will you help us to build a raft of these boards? 

12. The view she had of the hill will stay with her for- 

ever. 



LESSON IX.— N and M. 
/na c-ne 1 ni \noc- 1 nu 



V 



/"an — ^en Jin \on — h> un \oin\_Lj own 
c ma C~me 1 mi ^mor 1 mu r \moifN^mow 
^am ~~ Dem Jim ^ om — bum Xoirn^-^owm 
v— ^ #-stem. ^ — ^w-stem. v— ' n-x ^^^m'-r. 

1. The n brief is a small hook on the under side of a, e s o, u, 
and on the left side of i. 

2. The m brief is the same, but twice as large. 

3. The n stem is a horizontal curve opening upward. 

4. The m stem is the same, but twice as long. 

5. When m or n briefs do not join well with the follow- 
characters in the word, use stems. 

6. In the case of words ending in nt or ud, t may be 
written inside the hook, d outside. 



19 





BXBRCI 


SK IX. 


S gnaw 


6 may 




r— knee 


C me 




1 nigh 


I my 





/* am 



j 



rhyme 

\no °\ mow Sown J ohm 

"" new (7~=» moon Q -3 soon —b hum 
, noise ^S moil 



N nois 



Recitation Sentences IX. 

i. Will you hum that tune for me? 

2. I made a century run in ten hours. 

3. The full moon will rise over there. 

4. I did not wish the mice to gnaw that meat. 

5. How many miles did you ride on my wheel? 

6. Will you tell me a word to rhyme with "ems?" 

7. What a noise you and he made with that drum ! 

8. Did you see the line of fish that small boy had? 

9. I will play on the fiute if you will play on the violin. 

10. Send me word when you will arrive and I will 

meet you. 

11. If I hire this typewriter by the month what must 

I pay for it? 

12. Number twelve. This is the end and I have fin- 

ished. 

The student has now learned all of the alphabet except 
the letters k and g, ch and 7, q, x and y. In the following 
recitation, words containing these letters are italicized, 
and may for the present, be written in long hand. 



20 



RECITATION X. 

I was born at York on the first of March in the sixth 
year of the reign of King Charles the First. From the 
time when I was quite a young child, I had felt a great 
wish to spend my life at sea, and as I grew, so did this 
taste grow more and more strong; till at last I broke 
loose from my school and home, and found my way on 
foot to Hull, where I soon got a place on board a ship. 

When we had set sail but a few days, a squall oi wind 
came on, and on the fifth night we sprang a leak. All 
hands were sent to the pumps, but we felt the ship groan 
in all her planks, and her beams quake from stem to 
stern; so that it was soon quite clear there was no hope 
for her, and that all we could do was to save our lives. 

The first thing was to fire off guns, to show that we 
were in need of help, and at length a ship, which lay 
not far from us, sent a boat to our aid. But the sea was 
too rough for it to lie near our ship's side, so we threw- 
out a rope, which the men in the boat caught, and made 
fast, and by this means we all got in. 

Still, in so wild a sea it was vain to try to get on 
board the ship which had sent out the men, or to use 
our oars in the boat, and all we could do was to let it 
drive to shore. 

In the space of half an hour our own ship struck on a 
rock and went down, and we saw her no more. We 
made but slow way to the land, which we caught sight 
of now and then when the boat rose to the top of some 
high wave, and we saw men who ran in crowds, to and 
fro, all bent on one thing, and that was to save us. 

At last to our great joy we got on shore, where we 
had the luck to meet with friends who gave us the 
means to get back to Hull; and if I had now had the 
good sense to go home, it would have been well for me. 



21 



LESSON X.— K and G. 
/ka ^ke ?ki \ko 
=*ek k ik \ok 



/ ak 



# ga 



ku \ koi xJL kow 
uk \oik\^=»owk 



V 



ow 



Astern 



big ^)og i^d ug \oig\^o\vg 

rk-x 



^•-stem. 



f a; 



g-r. 



I.. The k brief is a very small loop written on the upper side 
of a, e, o, u, and on the right side of i. 

2. The ^* (hard) brief is the same, but twice as large. 

3. The k stein is an oblique curve opening downw'd to the r't. 
%.. Tiie^- (hard) stem is the same, but twice as long. 



*XJ 



^cat 

could 



ecno 




EXERCISE X. 

j> kept I -.kill \ coke 

\ coil \^o crowd Xache 

If dike ^ mock j^^-^^struck 
„(get) (L- -guile V— ^gold 



goggles 



ague 
glasses 



> e gg 
Jglue 



f agony IT higgle 
4t skate <=*— j scream f* stocked % stocks 



^vb logs ^ locked c ^ begged V sprigs 

ff snags g smacked ^gains <*-& scums 



22 



LESSON XI.— Ch and J. 
/cha «=— che 1 chi V cho o^-chu V choi Vlchow 
/^ach -^ech fl ich \och_4* uch \ oich^4»owch 
/ ja o-je S ji ^jo c^-" ju Vjoi V- Ijow 
>^aj -^ej d ij ^oj -^> uj \oij "^oowj 
^ ^-stem \/-stem. 1 ch-x y-r- 

1. The ch brief is a very small loop made on the under side 
of a, e, o, u, and on the left side of i. 

2. The/ brief is the same, but twice as large. 

3. The ch stem is an oblique curve op'ning d'wnw'd to the i'ft. 

4. The j stem is the same, but twice as long. 

5. This ch is always soft. For ch hard use k 

6. J is used to represent g soft. 

EXERCISE XI. 
/^ chain «=~ cheat I — --vChill 
c=r*> choose \ choice A jai 



caserns ^ jokes 
c^jug 0*0 judge 
y^chance- ^~ chowder { ^child 



1 




23 



\ quoi **\Lquow 



LESSON XII.— Q, Y, and X. 

2. •/ qua >- que f qui °k quo 
I. /ya *— ye 1 yi 'Syo z_i_ yu 'N yoi / \^yow 

3. /*ax — + ex -lix Vox i+ tix \ oix \i^ owx 



1. They brief is a short line, or "tick," made on the begin- 
ing of a vowel. It is used only initially 

2. The q brief is a curved tick drawn across the vowel. It 
is used only initially. 

3. The x brief is a straight tick, drawn across the vowel. It 
is used only finally, but may stand for ex as well as for x. 

4. For a q stem, kw may be used. 



EXERCISE- XII. 
V^cfuaint vf quack >-•-- queer T quick 

Uy quiet T quit /£ acquit ^w^quotation 

j/" yacht *-& yes *N> yoke , • young 

x^ exact 4-^ expect J exist x exhaust 

--^^ excellent t-^expense ^/explain x^examine 
y flax I fix 4- mix S^ box 



RECITATION XI. 
Write the italicized words in Recitation X. Write them 
in columns beside their long hand equivalents. 



24 



RECITATION XII. 

The man whose ship had gone down said with a grave 
look, "Young lad, yon ought to go to sea no more, it 
is not the kind of life for you." "Why, sir, will you go 
to sea no more then?" "That is not the same kind of 
thing; I was bred to the sea, but you were not, and 
came on board rny ship just to find out what a life at 
sea was like, and you may guess what you w T ill come to 
if you do not go back to your home. God will not bless 
you, and it may be that you have brought all this woe 
on us/' 

I spoke not a word more to him; which w r ay he went 
I knew not, nor did I care to know, for I was hurt at 
this rude speech. Shall I go home thought I, or shall 
I go to sea? Shame kept me from home, aud I could 
not make up my mind what course of life to take. 

As it has been my fate through life to choose for the 
worst, so I did now. I had gold in my purse, and good 
clothes on my back, and to sea I went once more. 

But I had worse luck this time than the last, for when 
we were far out at sea, some Turks in a small ship came 
on our track in full chase. We set as much sail as our 
yards w T ould bear, so as to get clear from them. But in 
spite of this, w T e saw our foes gain on us, and w^e felt 
sure that they would come up w T ith our snip in a few 
hours time. 

At last they caught us. but we brought our guns to 
bear on them, which made them sheer off for a time, 
yet they kept up a fire at us as long as they were in 
range. The next time the Turks came up, some of 
their men got on board our ship, and set to work to cut 
the sails, and do us all kinds of harm. So, as ten of 
our men lay dead, and most, of the rest had wounds, we 
gave in. 



25 



PUNCTUATION. 
Punctuation in speech is largely a space of time ; in 
shorthand this becomes a space of line. 

For a comma skip % inch. 

" " colon or semicolon '' 1 " 

" "period " 1% " 

Begin paragraphs at the middle of the line. 
Interrogation and Exclamation points are made as in 
long hand except that it is quicker to write an oblique 
line upward to the right, than to lift the pen to make 
a dot. 

A dash is a wavy line. 

Italics are indicated by underscoring with a wavy line. 
Proper names are indicated by underscoring with two 
short parallel lines. 

Parentheses are indicated by two vertical parallels. 
Other points are as in long hand. 

POSITION. 
Position, in the magnitudinous and discouraging 
sense it is generally used in shorthand, we do not have 
in this system. The following four articles embrace 
the whole subject, and even these are optional. 

1. Writing an initial vowel close to the upper line adds n. 

an en in k on tin 

2. Writing a word midway between the lines prefixes the. 

v -^> " I 

the tree the egg the truth the case 

3. Writing a vertical or oblique word, or a large brief through 
the lower line, or a horizontal word just below the line prefixes to. 

P to die /to say ^o be ^_ to see 

4. The distinction in position between 1 and 2 need 
be observed only by beginners. 

5. In the following recitation the words shown by 
position are italicized. 



RECITATION XIII. 

The chief of the Turks took me as his prize to a port 
which was held by the Moors. He did not use me so 
ill as at first I thought he would have done, but he set 
me to work with the rest of his slaves. This was a 
change in my life which I did not think had been in 
store for me. How my heart sank with grief at the 
thought of those whom I had left at home, nay, to whom 
I had not had the grace so much as to say "Good bye 
when I went to sea, nor to give a hint of what I meant 
to do ! 

Yet all that I went through at this time was but a 
taste of the toils and cares which it has since been my 
lot to bear. 

I thought at first that the Turk might take me with 
him when next he went to sea, and so I should find 
-some way to get free; but the hope did not last long, for 
at such times he left me on shore to see to his crops. 
This kind of life I led for two years, and as the lurk 
knew and saw more of me, he made me more and more 
free. He went out in his boat once or twice a week to 
catch a kind of flat fish, and now and then he took me 
and a boy with him, for we were quick at this kind of 
sport, and he grew quite fond of me. 

One day the Turk sent me in the boat to catch some 
fish, with no one but a man and a boy. While we were 
out, so thick a fog came on that though we were not 
half a mile from the shore, we quite lost sight of it for 
twelve hours; and when the sun .'rose the next day, our 
boat was at least ten miles out at sea. The wind blew 
fresh, and we were all much in want of food; but at 
last, with the help of our oars and sail, we got back safe 
to land. 



27 



TICKS. 
Ticks are strnight lines made as short as legibility 
will allow,— about one-fourth the length of vowels. 
The}' are vertical, horizontal and oblique, light and 
shaded, and are written on or midway above the line. 
They are therefore sixteen in number, and they consti- 
tute almost all the arbitrary signs that are used in this 
system. 



we 


who, 


whom 


i was 


i might 


went, with 


most 




_ when, were 


_he, would 


yes-terday 


from 




• may, you-r 


•should 


no 


but 




N must 


v could 



In the following recitation the w 7 ords which are thus 
indicated are italicized. 

RECITATION XIV. 

When the Turk heard how we had lost our way, he 
said that the next time he went out, he would take a 
boat that would hold all we could want if we were kept 
out at sea. So he had quite a state room built in the 
long boat of his ship, as well as a room for us slaves. 
One day he sent me to trim the boat, as he had two 
friends who would go in it to fish with him. But when 
the time came they did not go, so he sent me with the 
man and the boy — whose name was Xury — to catch 
some fish for the guests that were to sup with him. 

Now the thought struck me all at once that this would 
be a good chance to set off with the boat, .and get free. 
So in the first place I took all the food that I could lay 
my hands on, and I told the man that it zvould be too 
bold of us to eat of the bread that had been put in the 
boat for the Turk. He said he thought so too, and 
he brought down a small sack of rice and some rusks. 



28 



CIRCLE AND SEMICIRCLE SIGNS, 

v it these n they, trans- thus 

3 what this c to those 

O day U de- D did, di- D dis- C do 

o O . , . 

so why o is, his O want 

In the following recitation the words which are thus 

indicated are italicized. 

RECITATION XV. 

While the man was on shore I put up some wine, a 
large lump of wax, a saw, an axe, a spade, some rope, 
and all sorts of things that might be of use to us. f I 
knew where the Turk's case of wine was, and I put that 
in the boat while the man was on shore. By one more 
trick I got all that I had need of. I said to the boy, 
"The Turk's guns are in the boat, but there is no shot. 
Do you think you could get some? You know wmere it 
is kept, and we may want to shoot a fowl or two." So 
he brought a case and a pouch which held all that we 
could want for the guns. These I put in the boat, and 
then set sail out of the port to fish. 

The wind blew from the north, or north west, which 
was a bad wind for me; for had it been south, I could 
have made for the coast of Spain. But, blow which 
way it might, my mind was made up to get off, and to 
leave the rest to fate. I then let down my lines to fish, 
but I took care to have bad sport; and when the fish bit 
I would not pull them up, for the Moor was not to see 
them. I said to him, " This will not do: we shall catch 
no fish here; we ought to sail on a bit." Well, the 
Moor thought there was no harm in this. He set the 
sails, and, as the helm was in my hands, I ran the boat 
oat a m"le or m:>re, and then brought her to, as if I 
meant to fish. 



29 



STEM SIGNS. 
1 



T 



r^ S\ 



° i .« 






-4 



V»v 



( at, that a out A ad- had ( there, their A dear, doctor 

) as, has /away /sir, sure / where, aware 

Nv _ y and, than\^_^hem s^^ior, near s ^ ^ Mr., more 

.are, or^Apu^ — 4II, will ^^R. R., erro / j>^~*vlawyer 

^ if \^_ have ^ for V^ very, over 

^J up __^S object -./per, pair *S re-membef 

"""A. which, much \ advantage ""^charge ^^jury 

f act ( ago ^"car, care / guarantee 

In the following recitation the words which are thus 
indicated are italicized. 



30 



RECITATION XVI. 

Now, thought I, the time has come/or me to get free; 
so I gave the helm to the boy, and then took the Moor 
round the waist, and threw him out of the boat. 

Down he went! but soon rose up, fdr he swam like a 
duck. He said he would go all round the world with 
me, if I would but take him in. 

I had some fear lest he should climb up the boat's 
side, and force his way back; so I brought my gun to 
point at him, and said, "You can swim to land with 
ease if you choose, make haste then to get there; but if 
you come near the boat you shall have a shot through 
the head, for I mean to be a free man from this hour." 

He then swam for the shore, and no doubt got safe 
there, as the sea was so calm. 

At first I thought I would take the Moor with me, 
and let Xury swim to land; but the Moor was not a man 
that I could trust. 

When he was gone I said to Xury, li If you will swear 
to be true to me, you shall be a great man in time ; if 
not, I must throw you out of the boat too." 

The poor boy gave me such a sweet smile as he swore 
to be true to me, that I could not find it in my heart to 
doubt him. 

While the man was still in view {for he was on his 
way to the land), we stood out to sea with the boat, so 
that he and those that saw us from the shore, might 
think we had gone to the strait's mouth, for no one 
went to the south coast, as a tribe of men dwelt there 
who were known to kill and eat their foes. 

We then bent our course to the east, so as to keep in 
with the shore ; and as we had a fair wind and a smooth 
sea, by the next day at noon, we were a long way off, 
and quite out of the reach of the Turk. 



31 



PHRASING. 
It is with shorthand as with every species of motion, 
the fewer stops the greater speed. The difference be- 
tween an express and an accommodation train is a case 
in point. The vowel basis and linear character of our 
system enable ns to write phrases, frequently occurring 
expressions, and even whole sentences, as for example, 
Please-let-us-hear-from-you-as-soon-as-possible, with- 
out lifting the pen from the paper, and with greater 
legibility than detatched words. Phrasing is based on 
the following principles. 

1. Phrase only common combinations. 

2. The position of a phrase is determined by its first 
member. 

3. Connect only such forms as join readily and leg- 
ibly in rapid as well as leisurely writing. 

4. Connect only such forms as may be written on 
the line, or in the space above and below it. 

5. Connect only words that are connected in sense, 
as, A subject with its predicate ; A preposition with its 
object ; An adjective with its noun ; An adverb with its 
verb ; A conjunction with the words it connects ; Than 
after a comparative. 

6. When necessary to joining, We may be written 
horizontally, he vertically, and to may open upward. 

In the following recitation the words to be phrased 
are connected by hyphens. 

RECITATION XVII. 

I had still some fear lest I-should-be caught by the 
Moors, so I-would-not go on-shore in the day time. 
But when it grew dusk we-made our-way to the coast, 
and came to the mouth of a stream, from-which we- 
thought we-would sw T iin to land, and then look round us. 



32 



RECITATION XVII— Continued. 

But as-soon-as it-was quite dark we-heard strange 
sounds — barks, roars, grunts, and howls. The poor lad 
said he could-not go on-shore till dawn. "Well," said 
I, "then we must give it up, but it may -be that in the 
day time we-shall-be seen by men, who for all we know 
would do us more harm than wild beasts." "Then we 
give them the shoot gun," said Xury with a laugh, 
"and make them run way.'' 

I was glad to see so-much mirth in the boy, and gave 
him some bread-and-rice. 

We-lay still at-night, but did-not sleep long, for in-a 
few hours' time some huge beasts came down to the sea 
to bathe. The poor boy shook from-head to foot at the 
sight. One of these beasts came near our-boat, and 
though it-was too dark to see him well, we-heard him 
puff and blow, and-knew that he must be a large one by 
the noise he-made. At-last the brute came as-near to 
the boat as two oars' length, so I shot at him, and he 
swam to the shore. 

The roar and cries set-up by beasts and birds at the 
noise of-my gun would seem to show that we-had-made 
a bad choice of a place to land on ; but be that as it- 
would, to shore we-had to go to find some fresh spring, 
so-that we-might fill our casks. Xury said if I-would 
let him go with one of the jars, he-would find out if the 
springs were fit to drink ; and, if they-were sweet, he- 
would bring the jar back full. "Why should you go?" 
said I ; ' 'why should-not I go, and you stay in the boat ?" 
At this Xury said, "If wild mans come they eat me, you 
go way." I could-not but love the lad for this kind 
speech. "Well," said I, "we-w 7 ill both go, and-if the 
wild men come we must kill them, they shall-not eat 
you or me. 



33 



WORD SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS AND PRHASES. 
Italicized letters indicate stems. 



About 


dt 


Are, or, our 


r 


Above 


bv 


As 


s 


Accordingly 


ak-ingly 


As soon as 


sns 


According to 


ak-ing 


At 


t 


Account 


akt 


A.M. American am 


Ad- had, adver 




Aware 


wr 


tisement 


d 


Balance 


ba/ 


Advantage, ac- 




Become 


bek on the 


knowledge 


J 




line 


After-noon 


ftr 


Became 


bek above 


Again 


agn 




the line 


Ago 


g 


Been 


bn 


All 


I 


Beyond 


be-y 


Altogether 


lg 


Before 


be-f? 


Amount 


amt 


Between 


bet 


An 


see "Posi- 


Bill of lading 


bo-lad-ing 




tion'' 


Business 


bis 


And, than im- 




But 


tick, joined 


mediatey fol- 






only with 


lowing a com- 






if and that 


parative 


n 


By mail 


bim 


Any 


en, see 


By this mail 


bim, with 




' 'Position" 




sign 'this' 


Anything 


en-ng 




written 


Anybody 


en-bod-e 




through i 


Anywhere 


en-wr 


By next mail 


bim with x 


Anyway 


en-wa 




through i 



34 



By return mail 


bi-rem 




across the 


Call 


k/ 




preceding 


Came 


k above the 




word 




line 


Especial, (see 




Can-not 


k#-t 


Special) 


spes/ 


Car-e 


kf 


Establish 


^tab 


Charge 


chr 


Favor 


f&vr or fa 


Circumstance 


st\l 


For-m-r-ly 


/r-m-r-le 


Circular 


srk. 


From 


tick 


Co, come, com- 




F. O. B. 


fob 


pany 


k 


Full 


fu 


c. o.'d. 


kod 


Gave 


ga 


Could 


tick 


General-ly 


jen-le 


Day 


d opening 


Gentleman 


jent 




downward 


Gentlemen 


jents 


Dear 


dr 


Give 


gi 


Did 


d opening 


God, good 


gd 




to left 


Great 


gra 


Different, differ 




Has, as 


s 


ence 


dif 


Have 


V 


Difficult 


difk 


He, would 


tick 


Dis-count 


ds opening 


His 


s on the 




left 




line 


Divide-nd 


div-e 


How 


ho 


De- 


d opening 


Hundred 


n above 




upward 




the line ; 


-ded 


dd 




Written 


Defendant 


def 




through a 


Do 


d opening 




figure it 




to right 




adds two 


Electric 


/k 




ciphers 


Enclose 


enk 


I am 


im 


Express 


a straight 


If 


/ 




tick drawn 


I have 


iv 



35 



Immediately in-ed, n in 
composition becomes m 

In i above the 

line ; see 
"Position' 

Information «-/rm-shun 

In accordance 
with in-akd-;/s- 

with tick 

Instant inst 

Is, his s on the 

line 

It t on the 

line open- 
ing up- 
ward 

Its, itself ts on the 

line open- 
ing up- 
ward 

Large Irg 

May, you tick 

Manage man/ 

Manufacture man/ 

Member br 

Merchandise m^s 

Might tick 

Misunderstand misu?^d 

Misunderstood misu;/dst 

Month mo 

More, Mr. mi 

Most tick 

Much vach 

Must tick 

Nature na-/r 

Necessary nes 



Nevertheless nev-r-less 
No tick 

Near, nor /zr 

Not; after a stem, an n 

hook written on the stem; 

when pronounced 'unt', nt 
Nothing ring 

Notwithstand- 
ing not-ing 
Number no 
Object b 
On-e on 
Of o 
Of course ok 
Opinion o-pin 
Opportunity op-tun 
Order rd? 
Or, are, our r 
Ought ot 
Our, or, are r 
Other xxthr 
Part prt 
Particular pr-xik 
Per, pair pr 
Percent prs 
Perfect pri 
Perhaps prxps 
Plaintiff plan 
Practice-ical-ly prakt-le 
Principle-pal-ly prin 
Probable-ly prob 
Public, publish pub 
Purpose />rpos 
Question qe ( with- 
out lifting pencil) 
Quality q/t 



36 



Quantity 


qnt 


Than t (opening 


Recognize 


rek nis(lift 


downward n ; immedi- 




pencil) 


ately following the com- 


Receive 


res 


parative n 


Receipt 


rest 


The he 


Regard 


reg 


Them m 


Reply 


re-ple 


Then tn 


Represent 


rep 


There, their tr 


Re-member 


br 


These t opening 


Respect 


res-pe 


upward above the line 


Return 


re-^7 n 


They t opening 


Satisfy, Satur- 




downward on the line 


day 


sat 


Therefore thr-io 


Satisfactory 


sat-re 


Thing ng 


Satisfaction 


sat-shun 


Think ?zk 


Shall 


s/ 


This t above 


Should 


tick 


the line opening to the 


Sir, sure 


sr 


left 


So 


s above the 


Time tm 




the line 


To t on the 


Special 


spes/ see 


line opening to the right 




Especial 


Those t above 


Subject 


sd 


the line opening to the 


Success 


s-ses 


right 


-ted 


td 


Thousand a straight 


Telephone 


t (opening 


line above the line; writ- 




upward) li 


ten through a figure it 


Telegraph 


t (opening 


adds three ciphers 




upward) /g 


Thus t above 


-ter, der, ther 


tr 


the line opening down- 


That, at, out 


t 


ward 



37 



Today d opening 

downward through the 
line 

Together get/ir writ- 

ten through the line 

Tomorrow mro writ- 

ten through the line 

Truly tru 

Under-stand und 



Understood 


uwdst 


Up 
Usual 


p 

usu/ 


Very 
Was 


vr 
tick 


We 


> > 


Were 


'' 


Went 


1 5 


Well 


w/ 


What 


t on 



the 
line opening to the left 

Whatever t on the 

line opening to left evr 

When tick 



Whenever 


tick vr 


While 


w/ above 


the line 




Will 


/ 


Which 


ch 


Who 


tick 


Whom 


5 » 


Whose 


5 > 


Wish 


sh 


With 


tick 


Within 


" -in 


Without 


" -out 


Word 


wrd 


World 


wrld 


Work 


wrk. 


Would 


tick 


Year 


yr 


Yes-terday 


tick 


You-r 


tick 


Yours 


n s 


Yourself 


" s 


Yourselves 


" ss 



GENERAL REMARKS. 



By reference to the list of word signs, abbreviations 
and phrases, as well as to other plates in the book, the 
following rules and principles may deduced. 

1. In all non-position words the first downward 
stroke is written to the line. 



38 



2. Words should be written syllabically. Re-peat, 
not rep-eat ; rep-re-sent, not re-pre-sent. When nec- 
essary the pencil may be lifted and the syllables de- 
tached, as in the word twi-light. But this is seldom 
necessary. 

3. Derivative words are best formed from their 
primatives. The advanced student will usually find it 
sufficient to write only the primative. 

4. In writing words or in joining them into phrases 
avoid obtuse angles. It is impossible in rapid work to 
make clear cut forms with any angle greater than acute. 

5. Attention is called to the regularity of this sys- 
tem when once its principles are thoroughly mastered. 
Word signs are of course more or less arbitrary, that is 
what makes them word signs. But as this system is 
designed for thinking beings rather than parrots, it 
uses very few word signs, and aside from them the only 
exception is the writing of a downward before the rand / 
stems. Even this partial exception may be avoided by 
the use of — 

6. R and / circles. These may be written on the 
opposite side of the vowel from s and w. They are to 
be used only after the student thoroughly understands 
the difference between briefs and stems, and are to be 
classed among briefs. 

7. While word signs may be arbitrary and excep- 
tional, abbreviations must always be written by rule, 
and must be simply shorthand copies of longhand ab- 
breviations. 

8. Only common words, or words common in the 
vocabulary of the writer should be abbreviated. A law- 
student, for example, may abbreviate words that an 
electrical amanuensis should write out and vice versa. 

9. Abbreviations may be formed by omitting letters 
that are slighted in pronunciation, catlog, custmer, abs- 
lute, for catalog, customer, absolute. 



39 



10. The syllable on which the primary accent falls 
should always be written. 

11. Another way of stating the same principle is: 
Strongly accented vowels must always be expressed. 

12. In all abbreviating the difference between Briefs 
and Stems (Lessons III and IV) must be carefully ob- 
served. Briefs are used finally only when the vowel is 
expressed ; unshaded stems are always final. Markt — 
brief spells marked, markt — stem spells market. 

13. Where it is impossible to curve a final hook, and 
attach the following syllable, as in the word public, the 
hook may be made with a straight line, and this line 
may form the first part of the vowel to be connected. 
vSuch hooks are really "offsets'' on the following vow- 
el ; the pencil retracing its first mark. 

14. Ts after a hook is expressed by writing the t out- 
side of the hook, and the s inside of the t. 

15. Final m hook may be written for mb or nip with- 
out confusion, as in ramble, sample. 

16. Final n hook written on a stem may stand for 
not, as has not, had not, are not, will not, if not. 

17. Advanced scholars may write i for oi, as pint 
for point. 

18. Final y short may be expressed by e as well as i. 

19. Words beginning with am, em, im, om, um, may 
be written an, en, in, on, un, as the ni is simply n in 
composition. 

20. As q is always followed by u, theq tick of course 
stands for qu. 

21. Z, usually made like s, may when necessary, as 
in the case of the initials of a person's name, be made 
"solid", like a large period. 

22. ^/before stems may be indicated by a dot writ- 
ten midway beside the stem, omitting the horizontal line. 



40 



23. How to Develop Speed, (a) Do not try for 
speed until able to write correctly, and to make good 
forms. It is with, shorthand as with penmanship or any 
art, the one who begins slowly and carefully will excel 
the one who is in too great a hurry. 

(b) When a paragraph has been corrected and writ- 
ten five times without a. mistake, the student may be- 
gin to write it more rapidly, practising it over and over, 
until able to write at the race of from 50 to 150 words 
per minute, according to his stage of advancement. 

(c) After proceeding in this way wirh the matter 
contained in this book, the pupil may take, from dicta- 
tion, other material of a general nature or in some spec- 
ial line of work for which he is fitting. This should be 
carefully corrected by the pupil himself and read with- 
out seeing the English. It may then be practised un- 
til iixed. 

(d) Of far more importance than rapid writing is 
ready reading. Employers usually compose and dic- 
tate with comparative slowness, but they expect their 
dictation to be read back to them without a halt. Ow- 
ing to its vowel basis, its regularity, and its syllabic ex- 
pression this is a very easy system to read, and its prac- 
tioners have secured situations over as high as twenty- 
five competitors on account of their excellent reading. 
Nevertheless the natural tendendy is to neglect this all 
important side of practice. The student is therefore 
urged to remember first, that without ready reading, 
shorthand is of no use, and second, that owing to the 
increased mental effort of reading it is also a quicker 
developer of speed than writing. 



41 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 
The following letters are selected to illustrate 
Shortenings and Phrasing. Word Signs and Abbrevia- 
tions are printed in plain type; other words italicized. 
Words to be phrased are connected by hyphens. Posi- 
tion is not indicated but is to be observed by the stu- 
dent. 

1. Dear-Sir : — /-will-do my very -best to get your- 
order to you <97z-time. /-send-you several photo- 
graphs which-will give-vow a-better idea of the goods 
than a mere descriptive circular. Our new catalogue 
will-^-out in a-Jezu-day$, and /-will also send -you a 
copy of-that. We-are-doing considerable business in 
our new line this fall, and shall-be-p leased to have- 
you as a customer in-this department. Under-the- 
circumstances, we-will give you the same discount 
that we-have heretofore allowed-y on, but we-request 
that you consider this to be on the strict Q. T. Hop- 
ing to hear-from-you at-your-earliest-convemence so- 
that we-may-be-able to put in our-orders at the fac- 
tory promptly, I-am Very-truly-yours, 

2. Dear-Sir: — I-am in-receipt-of your communica- 
tion of yesterday, and wish to inform-you at-once 
that-you-are mistaken ^/-regard-to the price of those 
articles. I-am happy to say-thai the figure I-can 
quote -you is much-Z^j-than you supposed. Indeed, 
the proportion is so ridiculously large that I-amvery- 
much-surprised that-you-should hawe-paid any at- 
tention to it, namely tenfold, or $2.50 per-thousand 
instead-oi $2.50 per-hundred. I-$ha\\-be-pleased-to- 
receive-your-order which-shall-receive-our-/>r6>;///>/- 
attention. Small lots /-send by-express C.O.D., 
large lots by-freight f.o.b. Z-send-you by-this-iuail, 
a sample of the different varieties. Awaiting your 
pleasure, I am Truly yours, 



42 



3. Dear-Sir : — Vnder-date-oi January third, you- 
wrote us that-you-would-<fe-# £/<? to make us a remittance. 
We-have-not-received the amount promised us at that 
time, and yesterday-afternoon, when our Mr. Shaw 
called upon you, y on-put him off until the first of the 
month. While we-feel as though we-had given you a 
sufficient time to meet this obligation, we-will-z^azV-for- 
you until the time stated, but / must assure you that 
we-cannot wait longer-than this. If your check is-not 
promptly received, we-shaU-be-obliged to put the matter 
in the hands of-our-attorney for collection. Our duty 
to our creditors will absolutely necessitate this step- 
Hoping, however, that-you-will make it unnecessary, 



Respectfully^ours 



4. Gentlemen : — Your inquiry in-regard-to our- 
hemlock-lumber was duly-received-and-?zc^dY/. We-are 
very -sorry to say-that we-are-unable, at-present, to fill 
your-order at anything like the price you name. The 
case yon-quote must-have-been a forced sale, or of a dif- 
ferent quality from what you think. We-do-not know 
where we-can buy for anything like that-price. We-will 
give $2.25 per-thousand more-than the price you name, 
ii-yon-can-find-us any. 

We-take this opportunity of calling your-attention to 
an invoice oi-shingles which we-have /^/-received, and, 
as-per enclosed circular, we-do-not-think we-will-be-able 
to do better-than this, this-summer. 

Hoping to receive -your. order for a carload, and re- 
gretting that we-cannot meet your figure on the hem- 
lock, we-are 

Very -respectfully, 



43 



5. Gentlemen : — We-have-your-letfer oi-re rent-date, 
and note its contents. We-cannot-understand why you- 
fetutn our -note. We-are-7 ated ivay up by both Brad- 
street and Dunn, and our-paper has always been at par 
7«-this section. Thinking, however, that a Western en- 
dorsement wou\o\-p I ease -you, we got Brown and Com- 
pany, who have a branch in your city to back it. But 
this-is-not all. We-have, in his own hand, the memor- 
andum of your Mr. Keyes to the effect that if we paid 
half cash in thirty days, we-might, if advisable, settle 
the balance ///-this way. We-think-that if-you-will 
confer with Mr. Keyes, you-will-accept our-paper. If- 
there-is any objection to Brown and Company, we want 
to know it. We-have-dealt with-them for twelve years, 
and have always found them all-right. 

We wired you to day that we-would-not accept your 
sight draft, and-you-will-^>/<?<z^-telegraph us 6>/z-receipt- 
of-this, what you propose to do. Trusting that our hi- 
therto pleasant business relations are-not to be disturbed ', 
and that this whole-matter is due to the mistake of some 
uninformed employee of yours, we -re main 

Yours-truly, 



6. Dear-Sir: — We-have your-/awr of the gth inst., 
enclosing check for $ io, and we-beg to return herewith 
deposit receipt No. jig ior-same. We-have-reserved for- 
you Berth 2 in-Room 66 on "Saxonia" from Liverpool, 
September 8th, as-per our conversation over the tele- 
phone. 

Yours-trulv, 

NOTE : From this point the student is deemed cap- 
able of writing without especial marks to remind him 
of the shortenings. 



44 



7. Dear Sir: — Answering your letter of 8th inst., I 
beg to say that Steerage passage from Boston to Lon- 
don is $28 per adult. S. S. "Saxonia" sails July 20th 
at IP. M., and we shall be pleased to book you on that 
steamer. 

I enclose latest sailing list. 

Yours truly, 



8. Dear Madam : — May I have the pleasure of a visit 
from you next week Tuesday ? I shall be glad to have 
you come out to the farm on the morning train which 
you can take at Boston and which reaches Andover just 
before nine o'clock. 1 will drive you to Lawrence in 
the afternoon to make connections with the train you 
took when you came out before. 

With cordial regards, and hoping that you may be 
able to come, I am 

Sincerely yours, 



9. Dear Sir : — I enclose scheme for the lectures which 
I think you have seen before in your correspondence 
with Miss Adams, and I am now writing you about the 
same course which we wish to give at the Woman's Ed- 
ucational Union. 

The committee have decided to give the lectures on 
Monday afternoon at 4 o'clock, and I write to ask if 
you will reserve for us the afternoons of May 16 and 23. 
I understand that this comes at a time when you will 
be in the East and will meet your convenience in that 
respect. 



45 



The plan is for Mr. Smith to give the first twoTlec- 
tures, Mr. Brown to follow with two, and you to give 
the Concluding two developing the outline suggested 
in the enclosed schedule. 

I understand thai you will consent to do this; the 
price to be $100 00 and expenses from Albany. Am I 
right in this ? 

We now wish to make the engagement definite, with 
one proviso. In case the return message from Mr. 
Smith, who is now abroad, from whom we cannot hear 
for some weeks, is favorable, the course is to go on as 
planned ; if he is unable to do so, our thought is to 
postpone to the winter after, and we shall of course 
notify you in the midst of the summer as soon as we 
hear from Mr. Smith. 

With cordial regards, I remain 

Respectfully yours, 



10. Gentlemen : — Your Mr. Bolles handed me a re- 
newal order of a policy of Mr. Peter Smith, expiring 
August 3, 1901. I have obtained the order to renew as 
follows : $3,000 in the Sun Insurance Office for three in- 
s ead of five years, on dwelling house located on Mid- 
dlesex Avenue, Dorchester. Policy to be written to 
Mr. Peter Smith and George James, trustees under the 
will of Henry Harrison. 

Please forw r ard policy and bill to me at your early 
convenience. 

Yours very truly, 



46 



11. Dear Sir ; — I beg to call your favorable atten- 
tion to the fact that the writing of all kinds of fire in- 
surance is a particular branch of my real estate busi- 
ness. I am a special agent for the Sun Insurance Office 
of London, and also write in some half dozen of the 
prominent companies. Should you desire some spec- 
ial company, so state and I will place risk in that com- 
pany. Full information bearing upon any insurance 
will be sent upon application. 

I note that you have partly completed a building for 
a summer home on the corner of Oxford St., Dedham. 
I shall be pleased to write the insurance upon this pro- 
-perty, or any other in which } 7 ou may be interested. 

Hoping to receive at least a part of your valuable 
patronage, I remain 

Yours very truly, 



12. Gentlemen : — In reply to- your letter of July 23, 
I would like to have the walls of Mr. Benson's house 
16" thick with clipped headers throughout, except 
that every seventh course shall be a full header. 

The furring will be 2 x 3 stud, flatwise, kept one inch 
away from the wall. 

Yours very truly, 



12. a. Dear Sir: — For your information, beg to say 
that we have now received from Liverpool, blo^k of Se- 
cond Cabin rooms of return accommodations, begin- 
ning with the "Saxonia" from Liverpool, Aug. 6th and 
for all sailings up to the end of October. We shall be 
pleased to offer you return accommodations on appli- 
tion. Yours truly, 



47 



13. Dear Sir :— The heating contract for Mr. Frank 
L. Pym's stable has been awarded to Albert Tirnlow. 

Thanking you for the trouble you have taken, and 
hoping you will have the opportunity of doing work 
ior me at some other time, I remain 

Yours very truly, 



14. Dear Sir :— Your letter of July 24 in relation to 
the delay in finishing the work of changing the tracks 
of the Boston and Maine Railroad in Charlestown, was 
brought to the attention of the 5th Vice President Kim- 
ball of that company with the request that he make any 
suggestion in relation to the matter and reply to this 
Board. 

I enclose a copy of his communication, which, al- 
though it may not be a satisfactory reply to your com- 
munication, makes it appear that the fault, if any, does 
not attach to the railroad company. 

Yours truly, 



15. Dear Sirs : — Referring to your favors of the 26th 
and 27th ult. in reference to Second Cabin return ac- 
commodations on "Ivernia" from Liverpool, August 
27th, I beg to say that we have no berths for sale on 
this side for that date. What we had has been all sold. 
If passengers wish to go to the expense of a cable, we 
shall be pleased to cable, or you can take and issue 
tickets and we will write our Liverpool office by first 
mail to reserve berths at rate paid. 

Yours truly, 



48 



16. Dear Sir : — I am informed that you are the 
owner of property on Lakeside Avenue, Newton. We 
own the land on Concord Avenue which abutts on 
these premises at the back. I believe that you have 
recently been fixing up the Lakeside estate and have 
had an old shed on the back of the premises torn down. 
This has resulted in the destruction of the fence be- 
tween our premises. It was not much of a fence and I 
think that both our premises would be improved by 
the erection of a new one, and I write to ask if you 
will share with us the expense of erecting a new fence 
between our premises, and if yes, whether you would 
prefer to have it a board fence or a picket fence. 

I want at the same time to call your attention to the 
fact that the old shed was apparently formerly used as 
a stable and when it was torn down the hole under- 
neath it, filled with manure and water, was left in a 
most untidy condition. We should be glad to have 
this cleaned up and I take it that you will be glad to 
have it attended to, as its present condition would cer- 
tainly interfere with letting or selling your premises. 

Please let me know about the fence at } r our earliest 
convenience, and oblige, 

Yours truly, 



17. Dear Madam : — May I ask if the reason your 
Club does not desire an engagement with Mr. Banks is 
on account of the price? I have just received instruc- 
tions to place a few engagements at $100 per lecture, 
and I make the offer of that price to you in case you 
wish to reconsider your decision. The only dates left 



49 



would be Friday forenoon, or a few Saturday afternoons 
or evenings from which to choose. 

Asking to hear from you at an early date in case this 
affects your former decision, I am 

Cordially yours, 

18. Dear Madam :— Your letter of June 27 to Mr. 
Thomas has come back to me for answer, as he has left 
me in charge of his New England engagements for next 
season. 

Mr. Thomas returns from Europe, January, 1902, and 
will be in Boston ten Saturday mornings. It would not 
be possible to arrange for a lecture on any Thursday 
morning, as he has a course in New York on that day 
The nearest approach to it would be Friday forenoon 
between January 10 and February 14, provided your 
hour could be placed early enough so that he could 
meet a twelve o'clock engagement in Worcester. A 
few Saturday evenings are also vacant, but almost all 
of his dates have been engaged. The price would be 
$ 100. 

Asking to hear from you at an early day in case 
you wish to engage Mr. Thomas, I remain 

Sincerely yours, 

19. Dear Sir : — Enclosed please find Outward tick- 
et No. 51256 in favor of Mr. Carl Lundgren, Boston 
to Gothenburg, to sail on "Ivernia" from here 27th 
inst., at 5:30 P. M. Awaiting your check for $ 31. to 
cover ticket, Yours truly, 

20. Dear Sir :— We have your postal card advising 
that Outwards No. 47655-6 issued for "Saxonia", March 
30th, will sail on "Ultonia", April 20th. We are re- 
serving accomodations accordingly. 

Yours truly, 



50 



21. Dear Madam : — We have your favor of the 14th 
inst. and in reply will say that we could not offer you 
accommodations that you mention in your letter. If 
three passengers occupy a two berth room we would 
have to receive full passage for all, as the Company are 
prepared to furnish each passenger with a separate 
berth. We would suggest your trying Second Cabin 
accommodations on either the "Saxonia" or ''Ivernia" 
and we possibly could give you three ladies a nice room 
to yourselves at the lowest rate. I beg to enclose our 
latest rate and sailing sheet and plans of steamers, and 
we shall be pleased to offer you accommodations on ap- 
plication. Yours truly. 



22. Gentlemen : — We have your favor of the 3rd and 
note that Chicago does not wish any of the Syracuse 
pitch. We will therefore, complete their order from 
Everett. Yours truly, 



23. • Gentlemen : — We have your favor of 3rd, also 
telegram of the same which we did not receive until 
this morning. We have entered your order for two bar- 
rels of best coal tar, shipping the same to the Interna- 
tional Paper Co., Wilder, Vt. 

Thanking you, we are Yours truly, 



24. Gentlemen : — We have your favor of the 3rd and 
in reply beg to state that tank car 93 left for Chicago, 
Monday the 25th. Tank car 94 arrived at Everett 
June 24th from Hamilton and left on the 29th for the 
same place. Yours truly, 



51 



25. My dear Sir : — It is a matter of regret to me that 
my long trip west, from which I returned this morn- 
ing, has prevented my seeing you ere this. I wish to 
thank you for calling here, for which call your card 
which I find on my desk is evidence. I shall hope to 
have the pleasure of seeing you before long. 

Are you in the market for anything at this time ? 
We have a few St. Paul General Mortgage 5s which we 
could sell you in the vicinity of 86 or 87 and interest, 
the price to be adjusted to the market, and while these 
bonds were a desirable purchase before the St. Croix 
Power Co. began to cut down the operating expenses of 
the St. Paul Gas Co., they are now a much better pur- 
chase in view of the increased net earnings which the 
operation of the Power Co. has brought. 

You know the St. Paul Gas Co. was able to pav 4 % 
dividends before we began to utilize this water power 
and they will be abl,e in the future to either increase 
this dividend or add very much to the reserve if the 
dividend is adhered to. 

Yours very truly, 



26. Dear Sir: — I was obliged to stop over in New 
York and consequently my return to Boston was de- 
layed until this morning. 1 find your several favors 
for which I thank you. 

Relative to the proposition signed by McDonald, 
McCoy & Co. and yourselves referring to the La Salle 
and Peru gas and electric light plants, I beg to say that 
I took steps in New York yesterday to ascertain what 
arrangement could be made for construction work and 
I hope to be able to advise you definitely in the matter 
before the thirty days specified shall have expired. 



52 



The revised proposition does not give me quite as 
much leeway as the first proposition did, but I recog- 
nize your right, of course, to conserve your own inter- 
ests in every way, and I do not think I can object to 
the terms you make. I will advise you as soon as lam 
able to do so whether or not I can accept the proposi- 
tion made. Yours very truly, 

27. Dear Sir : — I beg to say that I have charge of the 
insurance of the Hanson Ground Rent Co. and the po- 
licies are held by me. There is one in the Westchester 
No. 776532 for $ 5000 on the contents of the Hotel Savoy 
on Nos. 54, 56, 58 Lake Ave., Milwaukee. This w T ill 
expire on the second of August and I wish you would 
renew it and have it in my hands before that date. 

In the meantime, please write me if this can be writ- 
ten for a longer term than one year and also if 2 % is 
the lowest rate that you can secure upon it. I should 
prefer one of the large English' companies or, if not, 
then one of the largest American companies. 

Please use the same form which you did last year as 
that seems to cover the property with the exception 
that it seems to me that the words fuel and supply 
should be added. 

Awaiting your prompt reply, I am 

Yours very truly, 

28. Dear Sir : — Replying to yours of the ,24th inst. 
would respectfully state, for the information of the 
Board, that the turnout in North Tiverton, R. I. near 
the State line, is not of our creation, having been 
placed there when the road was originally constructed 
by other parties and that the present conditions as to 
its surroundings did not exist when it was placed there. 



53 



For the operation of the road under ordinary conditions 
of travel the turnout is properly placed, delays do not 
ensue, except at times of heavy travel (Sundays and 
holidays especially) when it is necessary to run several 
cars together and then only to the cars outgoing from 
Fall River, the incoming cars having the advantage of 
the double tracks to the center of the city from the 
State line, which last fall, replaced a long intervening 
stretch of single track, which previously existed. 

At my suggestion Mr. P. P. Sullivan, our President, 
Mr. E. C. Foster, our General Manager and myself 
viewed the premises Saturday last and, after duly con- 
sidering all the conditions, it was decided that double 
tracking for a distance of about 1200 feet southerly to 
Canonicus street, in North Tiverton, in extension of 
the present double tracks of this company, now reach- 
ing to the State line, and the consequent elimination 
of the turnout thereby, seemed to be the most advisable 
course to pursue, this, of course, being conditional up- 
on the proper permission, for which we would make 
early application, being obtained from the authorities 
of the town of Tiverton. 

It is possible that some other course might present 
itself to, and be more favorably considered by, the 
Board, and we would be glad to talk the matter over, to 
the end that their views might be carried out. 

I have endeavored to state the situation and our sug- 
gestions and should anything not be quite clear or fur- 
ther information be desired, I should, of course, be 
glad to furnish it. 

Respectfully yours, 



54 



29. Gentlemen : — We have your favor of the 3rd and 
in reply would state we tried to get you over the tele- 
phone on Wednesday, but were unable to do so. 

Our Mr. Davis will take the matter of your No. 1 coal 
tar up with you on his return to Boston on Monday. 

Yours truly, 

30. Dear Sir : — Enclosed please find sale for last 
week's butter. We are glad to say that last week 
marked the lowest point in the market and this week 
there is a change for the better. We are getting $ .19 
for tubs and have already sold most of your butter. 
We hope for better trade and better prices now that 
grass butter is coming right along. We could not make 
the 50 lb. tubs in last week's shipment hold out weight 
and this week on the 50 's and 30' s there is a shrinkage 
of % lb. each. I weighed the lot personally and know 
it to be correct. The customer to whom we sold the 
lot, however, did not require a full pound reduction on 
the large sizes, but was willing to accept the %, lbs. 
We are sorry to hear that there is trouble with the herds 
in your vicinity and hope the State Inspectors will not 
cause you any serious loss. 

We are 5 tubs short from your invoice, that is, the 
10 lb. size, and we think you made a miscount as the 
freight bill agrees with our books. 

Yours truly, 

31. Dear Sir : — Enclosed please find sale and check 
for last week's butter. The quality was rather ordin- 
ary, but we did the best possible. The market this 
week is a little better and we suppose that the quality 
of the butter coming forward in the future will be much 
better. Yours truly, 



55 



LEGAL WORK. 

Stenographers reporting evidence in court indent the 
answers of witnesses one-half the width of the page of 
the notebook. This is for convenience in reading and 
also to avoid making a mark to distinguish questions 
and answers. The following illustrates the arrange- 
ment of a notebook page of testimony. It does not il- 
lustrate the arrangement of a typewritten page. 

ELIZABETH A. SMITH. 

(By Mr. Gray) What is your full name, please? 

Elizabeth A. Smith. 
Where do you live ? 

5 Green street, Lowell. 
Go back to July, 1899. What day of the month was it, 
if you remember, that the accident occurred ? 

17th of July, sir. 
Do you remember, Mrs. Smith, what day of the week 
that came on ? 

Monday evening. 
Now it occurred where ? 

On Green street at the house. 
How long had you lived there up to the time of the in- 
jury ? 

Nearly a year. 
Who were the members of your family then living with 
you at the time of the injury ? 

There were only the three 

children and myself, sir, at 

home. 
Did you do any work outside ? 

I worked in the mill. 



56 



The children worked ? 

The oldest boy and the girl. 

The youngest one went to 

school. 
Now what time did this accident happen ? 

It was the early part of the 

evening. 
Can you tell us about what time, as to the hour ? 

Well, I should think some- 

wheres about eight ; some- 

wheres along there, I should 

think. 
Had you been out during the evening ? 

Yes, sir. 
Was your sister with you at any time ? 

No, sir, not until I got home. 

She called. 
Where were you when you first knew of her presence ? 

I had just got into the house, 

sir, when she came. 
Which way did you come in ? 

The side entrance. 
Who used that side entrance beside yourself ? 

The family upstairs. 
Do you know just where you were when your sister 
first spoke to you or called your attention to herself ? 

Well, I was in the kitchen, I 

think. 
Which way did she go into the house ? 

She came in the side entrance. 
Then what took place ? I will let you tell your under- 
standing of it, your recollection of it. 

She was in a hurry and did- 
n't stop, and started out, and 

I went to the door with her. 



57 



Don't tell us what conversation took place, but tell us 
what was done. 

Of course I stepped out on 
the platform and stood there 
and talked with her. 
Where was she ? 

She was standing just a small 
distance from the foot of the 
steps. 
And I suppose when you speak of the steps you mean 
the foot of these steps here ? (Shows witness photo- 
graph) 

Yes, sir. 
Will you point out to the jury where you stood when 
you were talking with her. 

Somewheres right by that 
post. 
Do you mean the corner post ? 

Yes. 
Where was your hand ? 

Part of the time it was on 
top of the post. 
Now just put yourself as nearly as you can in the posi- 
tion you were in when this accident happened. 

Well, I should think I stood 
something like this. (Illus- 
trating) 
I suppose you were leaning somewhat on the post ? 

I probably must have or 1 
would not have gone over. 
Your sister was down here at the foot of the stairs ? 

Yes, sir. 
You were conversing with each other ? 

Yes, sir. 



58 



Then what happened ? 

What happened ? The post 
gave way, and I went over. 

When was the first that you appreciated something w T as 

happening ? 

I know I felt a give, and that 
was all I knew. I threw 
back my hands, and that is 
all I knew about it. 

Did you make any outcry that you remember ? 

I made some kind of a noise, 
I can't say w T hat. 

What was the next thing you knew ? 

I didn't know anything. 

What was the next thing you did know? If you lost 

consciousness for a moment, when you first knew what 

you were doing or where you were, where were you ? 

The first I knew, that I can 
remember, was that they had 
me ready to put me in the 
ambulance. 

You were taken in an ambulance to the hospital ? 

Yes, sir. 

How long did you remain at the hospital ? 

I stayed there two weeks, sir. 

How long was it before you were able to do work ? 

It was somewheres about ten 
months. 

And then what kind of work did you do? 

Light housework, no heavy 
work. 

At the expiration of ten months you began to do light 

housework. What have you done since ? 

Nothing but light housework 



59 



How to Manifold with Writing-Machines. 

The ability to make several copies at a time on a writ- 
ing-machine should he acquired by all operators, as the 
necessity of manifolding will arise occasionally in any 
kind of work. This matter has never been fully ex- 
plained before, to our knowledge ; and therefore the fol- 
lowing directions will be as welcome to the expert as to 
the beginner. In the first place, to secure good results, 
one must use paper made expressly for the purpose. 
This is especially true of the carbon, or black, paper 
used to give the impression. That made for type-writ- 
ing is very thin, and of fine quality. In this class of work 
the keys should be struck harder than is usual. As many 
as eight copies can be made on thin linen paper. For 
fewer copies, thicker paper may be employed. Buy the 
paper from a dealer in type-writing supplies, and state 
in your order the number of copies desired, and you will 
be furnished with the thickest that will receive the cop- 
ies plainly. Some prefer to use paper made up into 
pads, glued at the end. Count as many sheets as you 
desire impressions, and tear off all together. This will 
obviate any possibility of the work running crookedly 
in the machine, and it is absolutely necessary in using 
tissue paper. Lay the leaves torn off on the table, plac- 
ing a sheet of semi-carbon between each tw T o. Put the 
glued end in the machine, being particular to have the 
black side of the carbon toward you. By following this 
simple rule, you will never get the impression on the 
back instead of the front of the paper. Never change 
the relative position of the carbon sheets. When the first 
sheet becomes worn, and gives a faint impression, lay it 
aside (do not destroy it, as will be explained hereafter), 
and put a fresh one at the bottom. This arrangement 



60 



will always secure a good impression for the last leaf. 
When a large number of impressions is required, oiled 
tissue paper should be used. Thirty good impressions 
may be taken at once by discarding the inking ribbon, 
thus permitting the type to strike directly against the 
paper. When but ten impressions are wanted, it is not 
necessary to remove the ribbon. The tissue paper em- 
ployed is oiled ; and as it should be prepared two months 
before using, it is better to get it from a dealer, ready 
for use. To manifold on tissue paper, use "full" car- 
bon, or that which is blacked on both sides. In using 
oiled paper, one sheet of carbon makes two impressions ; 
and for five impressions but two sheets are required, as 
the first is made by the ribbon. Start the glued end of 
the sheets in the machine, placing a thick sheet of hard, 
calendered paper next to the platen or rubber printing 
cylinder. This will prevent the tissue paper from 
wrinkling. Sometimes it is found that fresh carbon 
paper will not make clean manifolding, and that work 
is not secured until the black paper is almost worn out. 
By observing the following directions, good results can 
always be secured. When a fresh lot of carbon is re- 
ceived, take an equal number of sheets that have been 
used, and put with it; placing a sheet face to face or 
back to back. Then put in a letter press, or lay a 
weight on it, leaving it in this position for at least ten 
hours — ten weeks will not injure it. The old or worn 
paper will absorb enough carbon from the fresh to 
make a number of good impressions, and will leave the 
latter dry enongh to prevent crocking or smutting. To 
renew carbon paper after it has been used, and fails to 
make distinct copies, saturate several sheets of newspa- 
per, cut to the proper size, with olive oil: place the sat- 
urated sheets in a letter press with some dr}~ sheets of 
newspaper, placing a sheet of oiled paper between two 



61 



sheets of the dry paper, and press them well to absorb 
the surplus oil. The sheets should be so thoroughly 
oiled as to be almost transparent. Then place the used 
carbon sheets between the oiled, sheets, and put them 
in the press, allowing them to remain several hours, 
that the oil may be evenly absorbed by the carbon. 
Should the carbon be too oily, absorb the oil again, as 
above described, with dry carbon sheets. The number 
of copies a sheet of carbon will make before becoming 
exhausted, depends much upon the operator and the 
quality of the work or carbon. We have known a sheet 
to make thirty copies, and another to be exhausted in 
making five copies ; but at least fifteen copies should 
be made if the carbon is rightly used. Its life can be 
prolonged by turning it endwise, so that the letters will 
strike in a different place. A little judgment in this re- 
spect will prolong its usefulness considerably. Where 
little manifolding is done, not more than twenty-five 
sheets should be purchased at one time, as it is liable 
to dry up and become useless. Its moisture can be re- 
tained by keeping it in an air-tight tin box or case. 
Carbon copies can be made nearly as durable as ribbon 
copies, by the following process : Dissolve one ounce 
of gum shellac in a quart of alcohol ; after the shellac 
is thoroughly dissolved, blow the liquid over the car- 
bon copies with an ordinary perfumer's atomizer. This 
gives a slight coating to the work, which, while imper- 
ceptible to the eye or touch, keeps the work from 
"smutting 1 ' by handling, and makes it very durable. 
Writing-machines, unless otherwise ordered, are fur 
nished with rubber rollers of medium hardness. Where 
a great deal of heavy manifolding is done, the machine 
should be iurnished with a very hard roller. In heavy 
work of this nature, the operator must strike the keys 
hard, using only the first and second fingers. 



62 



SHORT-HAND WRITERS. 

American business men have devoted so much atten- 
tion to the saving of time, that it was but natural that 
stenographers should first be used to any great extent 
in the United States. Nearly every large office in New 
York now employs one stenographer or more, 
and we have enacted it into a law that a steno- 
grapher is a necessary part of the machinery of our 
courts. It is not forty years since one could count the 
professional short-hand writers of New York on one's 
finger ends. There were hardly a half-dozen to be found 
and short-hand writing was as much a curiosity as San- 
scrit or Hindostanee. There are now thousands of short- 
hand writers in daily occupation, and they have become 
necessities to the business community, as indispensible 
as the telegraph or telephone. How does a stenograph- 
er save time ? We can all remember the days when the 
business man went down to his office early in the morn- 
ing, opened his mail, and sat down and laboriously wrote 
all his letters by hand, consuming very often the whole 
morning in doing so. To-day he opens his mail, and, 
calling his stenographer to his side, dictates his replies 
to him at the rate of 150 words per minute. In this way 
he can dispose of twenty, thirty, or forty letters inside 
of an hour ; and that finishes his work as far as he is 
concerned, except perhaps the signing of the letters af- 
ter they are written. The business man is thus able to 
save almost half a day by having a stenographer in his 
office. Nearly all the shorthand writers now employed 
are type-writer operators as well. The type-writer and 
the short-hand writer go together. The short-hand 
amanuensis, after taking his employer's letters, goes to 
work and writes them out on his writing machine, which 



63 



also expedites his work greatly ; and thus the physical 
labor of writing the letters is transferred from the 
shoulders of the business man to his subordinate, and 
his labor is in turn lessened by the typewriter. It can 
thus be seen what an immense saving-of time is obtained 
b} T this modern improvement upon old methods. There 
are many prominent business men whose mail is so large 
that it would be a physical impossibility for them to sit 
down and write all their letters by hand. Take the case 
of the president of a great railroad, or of a large insur- 
ance company, who receives perhaps 100 or 200 letters 
per day. By the employment of a short-hand writer, 
he saves the whole day. To answer a letter, is a plea- 
sure instead of a task. He can express himself more 
fully, because it is easy enough to talk ; and another 
blessing that is secured, is the prompt answering of all 
letters. When all that is necessary to write a letter is 
the mere speaking of the words, a man is much more 
liable to answer it promptly than if he had to write it 
himself. The office amanuensis then writes all the let- 
ters, addresses the envelopes, and has everything ready 
for the signing of the letters and the mailing of them. 
To such an extent has the invaluability of the short- 
hand writer grown in this capacity, that it has become 
a distinct profession, and the columns of the papers are 
daily filled with advertisements for competent men of 
this class. The pay ranges from $15 to $30 a week, and 
the demand is larger than the supply. The work is 
light and pleasant, and many young women have em- 
barked in the business. It has been found, curiously 
enough, that women make excellent stenographers, 
in- many cases being superior to men. 



64 



When they have once acquired the art, there is a deft- 
ness and lightness in their fingers by which they can 
write the small characters with lightning rapidity. In 
the use of the type-writer they are also very expert. 
There are a great many opportunities thrown in the way 
of young men who are stenographers. They come into 
closer personal relations with their employers than they 
would in any other capacity, and are generally made 
private secretaries if they have the confidence of their 
superior officers. Very many literary men keep aman- 
uenses w T ho are short-hand writers, and the large Yv 7 rit- 
ers for the press always employ them. Some editors 
have short-hand clerks whom they take with them in 
their travels around the country and to Europe Short- 
hand writers are always employed upon the press in re- 
porting speeches and sermons, proceedings in Congress, 
and the State Legislature, and in taking down inter- 
views. Many editors have been expert short-hand writ- 
ers. The late Thomas Kinsella of the Brooklyn ' 'Eagle' ' 
was a good stenographer, and Whitelaw Reid was an- 
other. Up to a few years ago, proceedings in the courts 
of law were delayed by all the testimony having to be 
taken down in ordinary writing. A lawyer asked a 
question of the witness, and everybody waited until the 
clerk or judge laboriously wrote it down. Then the 
witness answered slowly, a sentence at a time, so as to 
allow of a verbatim report being made. In this way a 
trial would drag over weeks or months ; and all the 
while the State or county would be paying out $5 or $10 
a day to judges and clerks, and clients were charged 
according to the length of time the trial lasted. All 
this is now changed. With a stenographer to catch the 
words red-hot as they drop, and crystallize them on pa- 
per, a trial goes ahead as fast as people can talk, and 



65 



the verdict is reached in one-third of the time formerly 
consumed, at a great saving of money to the commun- 
ity. We all remember the description given by Dick- 
ens, in "David Copperfield,'" of how he learned short- 
hand ; how, after months of hard study and practice, 
he was able to write 100 words a minute, but when he 
turned back found that he was unable to read a word of 
it. Then all the weary work had to be gone over again, 
and»it was years before he could take down a speech. 
Diokens himself was a shorthand reporter in the House 
of Commons, and this was his experience in mastering 
the art. A new system was invented twenty or thirty 
years ago by an Englishman, which simplified the whole 
thing, and put it upon a scientific basis. Through the 
various modifications that have since been made in 
stenography, it is now a very easy thing to learn ; and, 
with a reasonable amount of patience, the student can 
acquire a speed of 150 words a minute, which is fast 
enough for all ordinary purposes. Nearly all steno- 
graphers use the typewriter also, and this has to be ac- 
quired ; but a few weeks' practice usually suffices to 
master it. This, then, is a new profession that has 
come in ; and the demand for good stenographers 
makes it a pleasant and remunerative employment. As 
a rule, court stenographers are the best paid. Many of 
them make from $2,500 to $6,000 a year ; and there is 
one case on record, where the judge of a Western court 
got $5,000 a year, while the stenographer made $8,000. 
The judge wanted to change places with him. 

(The foregoing article was first published in the 
New York Graphic.) 



COMPARATIVE VIEW OF BRIEFS AND VOWELS. 

INITIAL FINAL 



h- / 



l- 




s- 


</ 


t- 


r/ 


p- 


</ 


f 


</ 


n- 


/ 


h- 


y 


ch 


s 


9- 


s 


y- 


t^ 



ex-S -»— 



i 



- I 



\ 
\ 



\ 



h 



-sh A I 



-th A 
-r /- 
-I 



\ 




-s 


/ 


\ 


-t 


S 




5 

a- 1 
1 


t-P 
-f 




\ 


■n 


y 


\ 




-k 


/ 



-ch y 



■cc 



s* 



1 



\ 



I \ 

J \ 

I \ 

I V, 

J \ 

\ \ 

I \ 



i \ 



The only shaded forms above are ha he hi ho fa fe fi fo 
all the others should be hair lines. 
U is like e ; oi and ou are like o. 

LofC. 



67 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



PREFIXES 

Co-m-n-g is usually joined; 
the others are written just 
before the rest of the word. 



Acco-m-n-g 


ak 




ble 




bl 


Circum 


srk 




bility 




bit 


Co-m-n-g-r 


k 




ful 




fu 


Di 


d open- 


ing 




a dot 




ing 


left 


ings 




a light 


Inco-m-n-g 


ink 








tick 


Int-e-r 


int 




ingly 




a heavy 


Irreco-m-n-g 


irk 








tick 


Magn 


mag 




nient 




t open- 


Reco-m-n-g 


rek 








ing right 


Self 


s 




ology 




J 


Su-b-c-d-g 


s 




self, some, 


ness 


St 


Trans 


t open. 


selves, someness 


ss 


ing 


downv 


/ard 


ses, tion ^s 


»hun) 


ss at- 


Unco-m-n-g 


nh 








tached 


Unreeo-m-n-g 


nrek 











SUFFIXES 

Shun is usually joined ; 
the others are written just 
after the rest of the word. 



5 1902 



1 COPY DEL. TO CAT. DIV. 
MAY 5 1902 



